4.1
Combining Forms
What Are Combining Forms, and why does Ayola Treat them Specially?
Princeton Wordnet (http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=combining%20form) defines a combining form succinctly as
A bound form used only in compounds.
Wiktionary (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/combining_form) defines a combining form as:
A form of a word used for combining with other words or other combining forms to make new words. A combining form may conjoin with an independent word (e.g., mini- + skirt), another combining form (e.g., photo- + -graphy) or an affix (e.g., cephal + -ic); it is thus distinguished from an affix, which can be added to either a free word or a combining form but not solely to another affix (e.g., Iceland + -ic but not pro- + -ic). It can also be distinguished historically from an affix when it is borrowed from another language in which it is descriptively a word (e.g., the French mal gave the English mal- in malodorous) or a combining form (e.g., the Greek kako-, a combining form of kakos, gave the English caco- in cacography).
If these definitions leave one with the impression that combining forms are an obscure grammatical concept that can be disregarded in designing an international auxiliary language such as Ayola, that impression is incorrect. The importance of combining forms comes from the fact that they are exceptionally international and consistent across languages. When looking at text in an unfamiliar language, educated people will invariably recognize words that begin and end with combining forms. We have concluded that we cannot afford to apply Ayola spelling and word-formation rules to combining forms in such a way as to make them less recognizable and universal.
We ended up deciding that we would derive combining forms in Ayola from their original Latin, Greek or other source language, allowing the common spelling of the word, rather than its most common pronunciation, to guide Ayola spelling. For example, acet- (acetic acid or acetyl radical) is spelled with a ‘c’ in Ayola, even though it is universally pronounced with an ‘s’ sound.
As the Wikpedia definition makes clear, the difference between an affix (a prefix, suffix or infix) and a combining form lies in the way it can combine with other elements as well as in its historical derivation.
In Ayola, the rules for conjoining roots and combining forms are shown in the following table:
|
First Element of Word |
Root as second element |
Comb. form as second element |
|
Root |
follow native Ayola rules: e.g. en + centra = encentra |
NOT OK: *kristalo + -grafio ≠ kristalografio *oceano + -grafio ≠ oceanografio |
|
Comb. form |
Some are OK: e.g. atmo- + sfero = atmosfero |
All are OK: e.g. foto- + -grafio = fotografio poli- + -gono = poligono |
Combining forms can be used to modify an Ayola word: e.g. atmosfero is a kind of sphere (sfero), but the reverse is not possible because there is no word *ologio or *grafio for fota or kristala to modify.
Note that some combining forms, for example acet-/aceto- and kalc-/kalci- have two variants. The consonant-ending variant is used to prefix vowels, whereas the vowel-ending variant is used to prefix consonants.
acet- + -at- + -o -> acetato aceto- + -fenetidin- + -o -> acetofenetidino
kalc- + -it- + -o -> kalcito kalci- + -kol- + o -> kalcikolo
As noted elsewhere, Ayola has a small number of single-syllable words known as Elementary Words. While we have not generally allowed these syllable to appear as the first syllable of regular Ayola words, due to the importance of spelling combining forms in a recognizable way, we have permitted prefix combining forms to begin with these syllables:
ce: cefal-, cefalo-, cerebro-
ci: cisto-, cito-
ker: kerato-
la: labio-, lameli-, laporo-, laring-, laringo-
no: nomo-, noso-, noto-
Besides combining forms, certain other internationally-used words have also been allowed to begin with the same syllable as an Elementary Word: e.g. keroseno, laguno, logaritmo, and nobeliumo.
In forming native Ayola words, we have been careful to avoid “collisions” between native words ad combining forms. Since Ayola nouns end in –o, as do many combining forms, we needed to be particularly vigilant with such nouns. In such cases, we looked at the natural languages for roots with slightly different pronunciation, length or spelling:
|
Combining Form |
Noun |
Derivation Method |
|
amnio- |
amniono |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
angio |
angiono |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
apendiko- |
apendikso |
Root is sightly different in some langauge(s) |
|
bakterio- |
bakteriumo |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
brankio- |
brancio |
Root is sightly different in some langauge(s) |
|
bronko- |
bronkoso |
Root has an additional part in original language (often Greek) |
|
djedjuno- |
djedjunumo |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
embrio |
embriono |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
faringo- |
farinkso |
Root is sightly different in some langauge(s) |
|
heliko- |
helikso |
Root is sightly different in some langauge(s) |
|
histo- |
histoso |
Root has an additional part in original language (often Greek) |
|
ideo- |
ideho |
Root was identical to combining form. ‘h’ added to root to distinguish. |
|
ikono- |
ikonho |
Root was identical to combining form. ‘h’ added to root to distinguish. |
|
ileo- |
ileumo |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
ilio- |
iliumo |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
imuno- |
imyuna (adjective) |
Root is sightly different in some langauge(s) |
|
kortiko- |
kortikso |
Root is sightly different in some langauge(s) |
|
kosmo- |
kosmoso |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
kranio- |
kraniono |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
kumulo- |
kumuluso |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
laringo- |
larinkso |
Root is sightly different in some langauge(s) |
|
mielo- |
mieloso |
Root has an additional part in original language (often Greek) |
|
mito |
mitoso |
Root has an additional part in original language (often Greek) |
|
muko- |
mukuso |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
neutro- |
neutrala |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
nimbo- |
nimbuso |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
nukleo- |
nukleuso |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
osteo- |
osteono |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
proprio- |
proprietaro |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
radio- |
radiho |
Root was identical to combining form. ‘h’ added to root to distinguish. |
|
rekti- |
recta |
Root is sightly different in some langauge(s) |
|
sero- |
serumo |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
socio- |
societo |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
spermo- |
spermho |
Root was identical to combining form. ‘h’ added to root to distinguish. |
|
sporo- |
sporoso |
Root has an additional part in original language (often Greek) |
|
strati- |
stratumo |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
strato- |
stratuso |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
tciklo- |
tcikelo |
Root is sightly different in some langauge(s) |
|
tciro- |
tciruso |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
|
uro- |
urino |
Root has an additional part in some languages |
In Ayola, there are only to positions where a combining form may appear in a word: at the beginning (prefix) or at the end (suffix). Below are lists of Ayola’s prefix and suffix combining forms in alphabetical order:
Prefix Combining Forms
|
Ayola Comb Form |
English Meaning |
English Comb Form |
Related Word(s) |
|
acet-, aceto- |
(acetic acid, acetyl radical) |
acet-, aceto- |
acetica |
|
aden-, adeno- |
(gland(s)) |
aden-, adeno- |
glando |
|
aer-, aero- |
(air, gas, atmosphere) |
aer-, aero- |
lufto |
|
agri- |
(farming) |
agri- |
farmare |
|
agro- |
(field, earth, soil) |
agro- |
campo, soylo |
|
akant-, akanto- |
(thorn) |
acanth-, acantho- |
dorno |
|
akro- |
(height, summit) |
acro- |
larta, kulmo |
|
aktin-, aktino- |
(radial structure; radiation, radioactivity) |
actin-, actino- |
avraya, radiyare, radioaktiva |
|
akwi- |
(water) |
aqui- |
vodo |
|
algo- |
(pain) |
algo- |
smertare |
|
alti- alto- |
alti- alto- |
|
larta |
|
amfi- |
(on both sides, on all sides; around) |
amphi- |
tcirku |
|
amil-, amilo- |
(starch) |
amyl-, amylo- |
startco |
|
amino- |> |
(var. of amino) |
amino- |
aminumo |
|
ana- |
(upward progression; reversion; renewal, intensification) |
ana- |
# |
|
andr-, andro- |
(male sex, masculine; stamen, anther) |
andr-, andro- |
maskla |
|
anemo- |
(wind) |
anemo- |
vento |
|
angio- |
(vessel) |
angio- |
angiono |
|
aniso- |
(not equal, not alike) |
aniso- |
non-egla, nonsimila |
|
ant-, anti- |
(opposition to, counteraction; opposite to, converse operation) |
ant-, anti- |
antiru, kawnteru |
|
anto- |
(flower) |
antho- |
floro |
|
antropo- |
(man, human) |
anthropo- |
humano |
|
ap-, apo- |
(being away from; lack of; separation of; metasomatism) |
ap-, apo- |
awtu |
|
arc-, arci- |
(chief) |
arch-, archi- |
tcefa |
|
arkeo- |
(ancient times, early condition) |
archaeo-, archeo- |
anciena |
|
artr-, artro- |
(joint) |
artr-, arthro- |
artiko |
|
asko- |
(saclike part, bladderlike part) |
asco- |
vesiko |
|
astr-, astro- |
(star, star-shaped; that which pertains to outer space) |
astr-, astro- |
stelo |
|
atmo- |
(presence of or relation to vapor) |
atmo- |
gaso, vaporo |
|
ato- |
(one- quintillionth) |
atto- |
kwintiliontelo |
|
audio- |
(hearing, sound) |
audio- |
awdare |
|
aut-, auto- |
(acting or directed from within, self-propelled; self, same) |
aut-, auto- |
selfo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
bakter-, bakteri-, bakterio- |
(bacteria, bacterial activity) |
bacter-, bacteri-, bacterio- |
bakteriumo |
|
bari- |
(heavy) |
bary- |
peza |
|
baro- |
(weight, pressure) |
baro- |
peza, presare |
|
bene- |
(good) |
bene- |
bona |
|
bi-, bin- |
(two; twice) |
bi-, bin- |
dusa |
|
biblio- |
(book) |
biblio- |
libro |
|
bio-, bi- |
(life, living organisms) |
bio-, bi- |
vivare |
|
blasto- |
(growth, budding, germination) |
blasto- |
kreskare, burjonetcare |
|
bradi- |
(slowness) |
brady- |
lenta |
|
braki- |
(shortness) |
brachy- |
breva |
|
brakio- |
(arm) |
brachio- |
bratco |
|
brankio- |
(branchiae, gills) |
brankio- |
brancio |
|
bronk-, bronko- |
(bronchi, windpipe) |
bronch-, broncho- |
bronkoso |
|
but- |
(chemical compound containing four carbon atoms in a chain) |
but- |
kwara |
|
|
|
|
|
|
cefal-, cefalo- |
(head) |
cephal-, cephalo- |
kapito |
|
cerebro- |
(brain) |
cerebro- |
cervelo |
|
cent-, centi- |
(a hundreth) |
centi- |
tcentelo |
|
cirkum- |
(around, on all sides) |
circum- |
tcirku |
|
cisto- |
(bladder) |
cysto- |
vesiko |
|
cito- |
(cell) (in biology) |
cyto- |
tcelo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
deci- |
(one tenth) |
deci- |
dectelo |
|
dek-, deka- |
(ten) |
dec-, deca-, deka- |
deca |
|
demi- |
(half; less than full status) |
demi- |
halfa |
|
demo- |
(people) |
demo- |
populo |
|
dendr-, dendri-, dendro- |
(tree) |
dendr-, dendri-, dendro- |
arboro |
|
derm-, derma- |
(skin) |
derm-, derma- |
hudo |
|
dermat-, dermato- |
(skin) |
dermat-, dermato- |
hudo |
|
deuter-, deutero-, deuto |
(second, secondary) |
deuter-, deutero-, deuto- |
dusta |
|
di- |
(two, double) |
di- |
dusa |
|
dia- |
(through; across; over, at right angles; in different directions) |
di-, dia |
travu, gansu |
|
diko- |
(two parts, division into two parts) |
dicho- |
dusa |
|
dina- |
(power) |
dyna- |
potenta |
|
dino- |
(terrifying) |
dino- |
crikare |
|
dipl-, diplo- |
(double) |
dipl-, diplo- |
dusupla |
|
djejuno- |
(jejunum) |
jejuno- |
djedjunumo |
|
dodeka- |
(twelve) |
dodeca- |
dec-dusa |
|
duo- |
(two) |
duo- |
dusa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
edi- |
(building, house) |
edi- |
zdanyo, hawso |
|
eko- |
(house, household, habitat) |
eco- |
hawso |
|
eksa- |
(quintillion) |
exa- |
kwintiliona |
|
ekso- |
(outside of, external, beyond ) |
exo- |
awtu |
|
ekto- |
(outside, external part, external surface) |
ecto- |
awtu, eksteriora |
|
ekwi- |
(equality) |
equi- |
eglare |
|
elektr-, elektro- |
(electric; electrically; electrolysis) |
electr-, electro- |
elektrica |
|
enantio- |
(opposite) |
enantio- |
opozu |
|
encefal-, encefalo- |
(brain) |
encephal-, encephalo- |
tcerebro |
|
end-, endo- |
(inside, within) |
end-, endo- |
enu |
|
ene-, enea- |
(nine) |
enne- ennea- |
nawfa |
|
enter-, entero- |
(intestine) |
enter-, entero- |
intestino |
|
entomo- |
(insect) |
entomo- |
insekto |
|
eo- |
(early period of time; early form, early representative) |
eo- |
frua |
|
epi- |
(on, upon; over, above; around, covering; to, toward, close to, next to; besides, in addition; after; among) |
epi- |
onu, overu, tcirku |
|
ergo- |
(work) |
ergo- |
pracare |
|
eritr-, eritro- |
(red) |
erythr-, erythro- |
ruja |
|
eso- |
(within, inside) |
eso- |
enu |
|
et- |
(chemical compound with two carbon atoms in chain) |
eth- |
dusa |
|
etn-, etno- |
(race, people) |
ethn-, ethno- |
raso, populo |
|
eu- |
(well, pleasant, beneficial; derivative of a specified substance) |
eu- |
bone |
|
euri- |
(broad, wide) |
eury- |
angusta |
|
|
|
|
|
|
fago- |
(eating) |
phago- |
mandjare |
|
faringo |
(pharynx) |
pharingo- |
farinkso |
|
farmako- |
(drug) |
pharmaco- |
drogo |
|
faylo- |
(tribe, race) |
phylo- |
tribo, raso |
|
fen-, feno- |
(showing, displaying; containing or related to benzene) |
phen-, pheno- |
montrare; benzeno |
|
femto- |
(one-quadrillionth) |
femto- |
kwadriliontelo |
|
filo- |
(love) |
philo- |
amare |
|
fisi- |
(split, cleft shape) |
fissi- |
splitare |
|
fit-, fito- |
(plant, plant life) |
phyt-, phyto- |
planto |
|
fiz-, fizio- |
(natural, nature; physical) |
phys-, physio- |
fiziko |
|
fleb-, flebo- |
(vein) |
phleb-, phlebo- |
veyno |
|
fluor-, fluoro- |
(fluorine in compound; fluorescence) |
fluor-, fluoro- |
fluoreskare, fluorino |
|
fon-, fono- |
(voice, sound) |
phon-, phono- |
votco, sono |
|
fot-, foto- |
(light; photographic) |
phot-, photo- |
lumo; fotografare |
|
fren-, freno- |
(mind; diaphragm) |
phren-, phreno- |
menso |
|
fwil-, fwilo- |
(leaf) |
phyll-, phyllo- |
folyo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
galakt-, galakto- |
(milk, milky) |
galact-, galacto |
milko |
|
gamo- |
(sexual union; union, fusion) |
gamo- |
koitare |
|
gastr-, gastro- |
(stomach) |
gastr-, gastro- |
stomako |
|
geo- |
(earth) |
geo- |
tero |
|
geront-, geronto- |
(old age, old people) |
geront-, geronto- |
vyela |
|
giga- |
(one billion) |
giga- |
biliona |
|
gin-, gino- |
(woman, female; female reproductive organ) |
gyn-, gyno- |
femala |
|
gineko- |
(women) |
gyneco- |
fema |
|
gimno- |
(naked) |
gymno- |
nuda |
|
glik-, gliko- |
(sugar; glycogen) |
glyc-, glyco- |
sukero |
|
gloso- |
(tongue) |
glosso- |
lango |
|
gloto- |
(tongue) |
glotto- |
lango |
|
gnato- |
(jaw) |
gnatho- |
fawko |
|
grafo- |
(write, writing) |
grapho- |
skribare |
|
|
|
|
|
|
hagi-, hagio- |
(saint, body of saints; sacred place, holy place) |
hagi-, hagio- |
santa |
|
hal-, halo- |
(salt, sea) |
hal-, halo- |
salo |
|
haplo- |
(single) |
haplo- |
unta |
|
heks-, heksa- |
(six) |
hex-, hexa- |
sesa |
|
hekt-, hekto- |
(one hundred) |
hect-, hecto- |
tcena |
|
heliko- |
(helix, spiral) |
helico- |
helikso |
|
helio- |
(sun, of sun, by sun) |
helio- |
Suno |
|
hem-, hema-, hemo- |
(blood) |
hem-, hema-, hemo- |
sango |
|
hem-, hemi- |
(half) |
hem-, hemi- |
halfa |
|
hemat-, hemato- |
(blood) |
hemat-, hemato- |
sango |
|
hendeka- |
(eleven) |
hendeca- |
dec-una |
|
hept-, hepta- |
(seven) |
hept-, hepta- |
sepa |
|
herpeto- |
(reptile) |
herpeto- |
reptilio |
|
heter-, hetero- |
(other, another, different) |
heter-, hetero- |
otra |
|
hialo- |
(glass) |
hyalo- |
vitro |
|
hidr-, hidro- |
(water; liquid; composed of or combined with hydrogen; hydroid) |
hydr-, hydro- |
vodo |
|
hiero- |
(sacred, holy) |
hiero- |
hidrogeno |
|
hieto- |
(rain) |
hyeto- |
pluvo |
|
higro- |
(wet, moist, moisture) |
hygro- |
mokra |
|
hip-, hipo- |
(below, beneath; at a lower point; abnormally low; deficient; partial, incomplete) |
hyp-, hypo- |
underu |
|
hiper- |
(over, above, in great amount; in abnormal excess) |
hyper- |
plusare |
|
hipn-, hipno- |
(sleep; hypnosis) |
hypn-, hypno- |
dormare, hipnotizare |
|
hister-, histero- |
( hysteria) |
hyster-, hystero- |
histerio |
|
hist-, histo- |
(bodily tissue) |
hist-, histo- |
histoso |
|
hodo- |
(way, path) |
hodo- |
vego, pada |
|
hol-, holo- |
(whole, a whole, entirely) |
hol-, holo- |
tuta |
|
homeo-, homoyo- |
(like, similar) |
homeo-, homoio- |
licu, simila |
|
homo- |
(same, like) |
homo- |
mema, simila |
|
huster-, hustero- |
(womb, uterus) |
hyster- hystero- |
utero |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ideo- |
(idea) |
ideo- |
ideho |
|
idio- |
(individuality, peculiarity, isolation, spontaneity) |
idio- |
pekuliera |
|
ikosa- |
(twenty) |
icosa- |
- |
|
ikti-, iktyo- |
(fish) |
ichthy-, ichthyo- |
pisko |
|
ileo- |
(ileum) |
ileo- |
ileumo |
|
ilio- |
(ilium) |
ilio- |
iliumo |
|
imuno- |
(immune, immunity) |
immuno- |
imyuna |
|
infra- |
(below, beneath, inferior to; after, later) |
infra- |
underu |
|
intra- |
(in, inside of, within) |
intra- |
enu |
|
intro- |
(in, into; inward) |
intro- |
alenu, torenu |
|
is-, iso- |
(equal, identical, similar; isometric) |
is-, iso- |
eglare, identare |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
juksta- |
(close, near, beside) |
juxta- |
niru, apudu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
kako- |
(bad, incorrect, unpleasant) |
caco- |
mala |
|
kalc-, kalci- |
(lime, calcium) |
calc-, calci- |
kaltco, kalciumo |
|
kali- |
(beauty) |
calli- |
bela |
|
kardi-, kardio- |
(heart) |
cardi-, cardio- |
kworo |
|
karpo- |
(fruit) |
carpo- |
frukto |
|
karyo- |
(nucleus of a living cell) |
caryo-, karyo- |
tcelay nukleuso |
|
kata- |
(reversing of a process; lower in position, down from) |
cata- |
reversa |
|
kayno- |
(new, fresh) |
ceno- |
nuva, freca |
|
kenho- |
(empty) |
ceno- |
pusta |
|
kerato- |
(horn) |
kerato- |
korno |
|
keylo- |
(lip) |
chilo- |
usno |
|
kilo- |
(one thousand) |
kilo- |
mila |
|
kineto- |
(movement) |
kineto- |
movare |
|
kiro- |
(of hand, with hand) |
chiro- |
mano |
|
klado- |
(branch) |
clado- |
ramo |
|
klepto- |
(thief) |
klepto- |
krastare |
|
klino- |
(slope) |
clino- |
inklina |
|
klor-, kloro- |
(green; chlorine) |
chlor-, chloro- |
verda; klorino |
|
koel-, koelo- |
(cavity within a body or bodily organ) |
coel-, coelo- |
kavo |
|
kopro- |
(dung, excrement, feces) |
copro- |
sterko |
|
koreo- |
(dance) |
choreo- |
dansare |
|
kortik-, kortiko- |
(cortex) |
cortic-, cortico- |
kortikso |
|
kosm-, kosmo- |
(world, universe) |
cosm-, cosmo- |
kosmoso |
|
koyno- |
(common) |
ceno- |
komuna |
|
krani-, kranio- |
(cranium, cranial) |
crani-, cranio- |
kraniono |
|
krio- |
(cold, freezing, frost) |
cryo- |
frida |
|
kript-, kripto- |
(hidden, secret) |
crypt-, crypto- |
sekreta |
|
kriso- |
(gold) |
chryso- |
aurumo |
|
krom-, kromo- |
(color, colored, staining, pigment; chromium, chromic acid) |
chrom-, chromo- |
koloro; kromiumo |
|
kromat-, kromato- |
(color, staining, pigmentation; chromatin) |
chromat-, chromato- |
koloro; kromatino |
|
kron-, krono- |
(time) |
chron-, chrono- |
tempo |
|
ksant-, ksanto- |
(yellow) |
xanth-, xantho- |
flava |
|
kseno- |
(strange, foreign, or different) |
xeno- |
fremda |
|
kser-, ksero- |
(dryness) |
xer-, xero- |
seka |
|
ksil-, ksilo- |
(wood; xylene) |
xyl-, xylo- |
ligno |
|
kteno- |
(rake, comb) |
cteno- |
grabyo, kombo |
|
kumulo- |
(cumulus cloud) |
cumulo- |
kumuluso |
|
kwadr-, kwadri-, kwadru- |
(four) |
quadr-, quadri-, quadru- |
kwara |
|
|
|
|
|
|
labio- |
(formed with lips) |
labio- |
lebo |
|
lameli- |
(plate, scale) |
lamelli- |
skwamo |
|
laporo- |
(abdominal wall) |
laporo- |
abdomenay muro |
|
laring-, laringo- |
(larynx, pertaining to the larynx) |
laryng-, laryngo- |
larinkso |
|
lepido- |
(scale, flake) |
lepido- |
fleko |
|
lept-, lepto- |
(slender, thin, fine) |
lept-, lepto- |
minsa |
|
leuk-, leuko- |
(white, colorless; leukocyte) |
leuco-, leuk-, leuko- |
alba |
|
limno- |
(lake) |
limno- |
lyako |
|
lipo- |
(ft, fatty) |
lipo- |
graso |
|
lis-, liso- |
(instance or act of loosening, dissolving, or freeing) |
lys-, lyso- |
lusa |
|
lit-, lito- |
(stone) |
lith-, litho- |
stono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
magneto- |
(magnetic properties) |
magneto- |
magnetica |
|
magni- |
(great, large) |
magni- |
granda |
|
makr-, makro- |
(largeness or longness in extent, duration, or size) |
macr-, macro- |
granda |
|
mast-, masto- |
(breast) |
masto- |
mamo |
|
mega- |
(one million; large) |
mega- |
granda |
|
megalo- |
(largeness, greatness, exaggerated size) |
megalo- |
granda |
|
mekano- |
(machine) |
mechano- |
macino |
|
melan-, melano- |
(blackness, darkness) |
melano-, melano- |
nigra |
|
mero- |
(parts, segments) |
mero- |
parto |
|
mes-, meso- |
(middle, center, intermediate) |
mes-, meso- |
midlo |
|
met- |
(hydrocarbon with one carbon atom; chemical compound containing methyl ) |
meth- |
- |
|
meta- |
(situated behind; occurring later; beyond, transcending; changed or involving change; alternating) |
meta- |
prapu, postu |
|
metro- |
(measure) |
metro- |
mezrare |
|
mielo- |
(marrow, spinal cord) |
myelo- |
mieloso |
|
mik-, miko- |
(fungus) |
myc-, myco- |
fungo |
|
mikro- |
(smaller, inner, or more detailed of two contrasting things; instrument or technique for working with small quantities; use of a microscope and related tools; abnormally small size; amplification or enlargement; one-millionth) |
micro- |
parva, miliontelo |
|
mili- |
(one-thousandth) |
milli- |
miltelo |
|
mini- |
(smaller or shorter than other members of its class) |
mini- |
parva |
|
miria- |
(very large or countless number; ten thousand) |
myria- |
multa |
|
mito- |
(myth) |
mytho- |
mitoso |
|
mizo- |
(hating, hatred) |
miso- |
odiyare |
|
mon-, mono- |
(one, single, alone; presence of a single atom, radical, or group in a compound) |
mon-, mono- |
una |
|
morf-, morfo- |
(shape, form, structure; morpheme) |
morph-, morpho- |
formo, strukturo |
|
muk-, muko- |
(mucus, something pertaining to the mucous membrane) |
|
mukuso |
|
muks-, mukso- |
(mucus, mucuslike material) |
myx-, myxo- |
mukuso |
|
multi- |
(plural, many) |
multi- |
multa |
|
muto- |
(change) |
muto- |
candjare |
|
|
|
|
|
|
nano- |
(extreme smallness; one-billionth) |
nano- |
biliontelo |
|
narko- |
(numbness, sluggishness, stupor; narcotic drug) |
narco- |
torpa |
|
nefo- |
(cloud) |
nepho- |
nubo |
|
nefr-, nefro- |
(kidney) |
nephr-, nephro- |
reno |
|
nekr-, nekro- |
(death, the dead; dead body, dead tissue) |
necr-, necro- |
mortare |
|
nemato- |
(threadlike form) |
nemato- |
fadeno |
|
neo- |
(new or recent form, development, or type; recent formation, modification, or abnormal change; most recent subdivision of a series of periods) |
neo- |
nuva |
|
neur-, neuro- |
(nerve, nervous system) |
neur-, neuro- |
nervo |
|
neutro- |
(neutral) |
neutro- |
neutrala |
|
nikto- |
(night) |
nycto- |
nakto |
|
nimbo- |
(nimbus) |
nimbo- |
nimbuso |
|
nokti- |
(night) |
nocti- |
nakto |
|
nomo- |
(law, usage, or custom) |
nomo- |
ledjo |
|
noso- |
(disease) |
noso- |
maladio |
|
noto- |
(back of body) |
noto- |
dorso |
|
nukle-, nukleo- |
(nucleus; nucleic acid) |
nucle-, nucleo- |
nukleuso |
|
|
|
|
|
|
odonto- |
(tooth; teeth) |
odonto- |
dento |
|
ofio- |
(snake) |
ophio- |
serpento |
|
oftalmo- |
(eye; eyeball) |
ophthalmo- |
okulo |
|
oklo- |
(mob) |
ochlo- |
mobo |
|
oksu- |
(sharp, acute) |
oxy- |
akrea |
|
okt-, okta- |
(eight) |
oct-, octa- |
oca |
|
ole-, oleo- |
(oil, pertaining to oil) |
ole-, oleo- |
olyo |
|
oligo- |
(few) |
oligo- |
kelka |
|
oo- |
(egg) |
oo- |
ovo |
|
omni- |
(all) |
omni- |
caka, tuta |
|
oneiro- |
(dream) |
oneiro- |
dremare |
|
oniko- |
(nail of finger or toe, claw) |
onicho- |
ungo |
|
onto- |
(being, existence) |
onto- |
egzistare |
|
opisto- |
(back, behind) |
opistho- |
prapu |
|
opto- |
(eye) |
opto- |
okulo |
|
ornit-, ornito- |
(bird, birds) |
ornith-, ornitho- |
aviso |
|
oro- |
(mountain) |
oro- |
monto |
|
ort-, orto- |
(straight, upright; perpendicular to, at right angles; correct, standard; correction of maladjustments or deformities) |
orth-, ortho- |
recta, perpendikulera |
|
oste-, osteo- |
(bone, bones) |
oste-, osteo- |
osteono |
|
ot-, oto- |
(ear) |
ot-, oto- |
awriso |
|
|
|
|
|
|
paki- |
(thick) |
pachy- |
krasa |
|
pale-, paleo- |
(ancient, prehistoric) |
pale-, paleo- |
anciena |
|
pan- |
(all) |
pan- |
caka, tuta |
|
par-, para- |
(alongside; near, beside; beyond; incorrectly; resembling or similar to; subsidiary; isometric to, polymeric to) |
par-, para- |
apudu, tcezu |
|
pari- |
(equal) |
pari- |
eglare |
|
parteno- |
(without fertilization) |
partheno- |
- |
|
pato- |
(disease, suffering) |
patho- |
maladio |
|
ped-, pedo- |
(child) |
ped-, pedo- |
bambino |
|
pedi- |
(foot) |
pedi- |
pyedo |
|
pent-, penta- |
(five) |
pent-, penta- |
kwina |
|
peri- |
(about, around, encircling, enclosing; close at hand, adjacent, near) |
peri- |
tcirku |
|
petro- |
(rock, stone; petroleum) |
petro- |
roko, stono |
|
pi-, pio- |
(pus) |
py-, pyo- |
puso |
|
piezo- |
(pressure) |
piezo- |
presare |
|
piro- |
(fire, heat; resulting from or by the action of fire or heat) |
pyro- |
fayro, kaloro |
|
plagio- |
(slanting, inclining) |
plagio- |
inklina |
|
pleo- |
(more) |
pleo- |
plusare |
|
pleuro- |
(side; pleura) |
pleuro- |
flanko, saydo, facyo, plevro |
|
pneum-, pneumo- |
(air, breath) |
pneum-, pneumo- |
spirare |
|
pneumat-, pneumato- |
(air, breath) |
pneumat-, pneumato- |
spirare |
|
pluto- |
(riches, wealth) |
pluto- |
rica |
|
pod- |
(foot) |
pod- |
pyedo |
|
poli- |
(more than one, many, much; more than usual, abnormal, excessive) |
poly- |
plura, multa |
|
polio- |
(gray matter) |
polio- |
poliumo |
|
prop- |
(chemical compound with three carbon atoms in a chain) |
prop- |
- |
|
proprio- |
(one’s own) |
proprio- |
proprietare |
|
prot-, proto- |
(earliest form, first in rank or time; member of a series that has the least amount of a specified element or radical) |
prot-, proto- |
unta |
|
pseud-, pseudo- |
(inauthenticity, sham; deceptive similarity) |
pseud-, pseudo- |
trompare |
|
psiko- |
(mind, mental processes) |
psycho- |
menso |
|
pterido- |
(fern) |
pterido- |
filicino |
|
ptero- |
(feather, wing, winglike part) |
ptero- |
vingo |
|
pyelo- |
(pelvis) |
pyelo- |
pelvo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
rabdo- |
(rod, wand) |
rhabdo- |
vergo |
|
radio- |
(emission and propagation of radiation) |
radio- |
radiyare, radiho |
|
reo- |
(flow, current) |
rheo- |
fluyare;kurento |
|
rekti- |
(straight) |
recti- |
recta |
|
retro- |
(backward, back; situated behind) |
retro- |
res-, propu |
|
rin-, rino- |
(nose, nasal) |
rhin-, rhino- |
naso |
|
riz-, rizo- |
(root) |
rhiz-, rhizo- |
radiko |
|
rod-, rodo- |
(rose, rose-red) |
rhod-, rhodo- |
rozo, ruja |
|
|
|
|
|
|
sakar-, sakaro- |
(sweet, sugar) |
sacchar-, saccharo- |
sukero |
|
sapr-, sapro- |
(dead, decaying material) |
sapr-, sapro- |
mortare |
|
sarko- |
(flesh) |
sarco- |
karno |
|
seleno- |
(moon, selenium) |
seleno- |
Luno |
|
semi- |
(partly, partially; half of; occurring twice per time interval) |
semi- |
parca, halfa |
|
sero- (serum) |
(serum) |
sero- |
serumo |
|
seskwi- |
(one and a half) |
sesqui- |
una pyu halfa |
|
sfen-, sfeno- |
(wedge-shaped) |
sphen-, spheno- |
kweno |
|
sfigm-, sfigmo- |
(pulse) |
sphygm-, sphygmo- |
pulsare |
|
sider-, sidero- |
(iron) |
sider-, sidero- |
ferumo |
|
sinkro- |
(synchronization) |
synchro- |
sinkrona |
|
skato- |
(feces, excrement) |
scato- |
feko |
|
skiz-, skizo- |
(division, split, cleavage) |
schiz-, schizo- |
splitare |
|
skler-, sklero- |
(hardness; of or affecting the sclera) |
scler-, sclero- |
harda |
|
socio- |
(society; social) |
socio- |
societo |
|
sof-, -sofio |
(wisdom) |
soph-, -sophy |
sadja |
|
somato- |
(body) |
somato- |
korpo |
|
somn-, somni- |
(sleep) |
somn-, somni- |
dormare |
|
sperm-, spermo- |
(sperm) |
sperm- spermo- |
spermho |
|
spermat-, spermato- |
(sperm; seed) |
spermat-, spermato- |
spermho |
|
sporo- |
(spore) |
sporo- |
sporoso |
|
steato- |
(fat) |
steato- |
graso |
|
stego- |
(cover) |
stego- |
kovrare |
|
steno- |
(narrowness) |
steno- |
angusta |
|
stere-, stereo- |
(solid, firm, three-dimensional) |
stere-, stereo- |
tresdimensiona |
|
stomat-, stomato- |
(mouth) |
stomat-, stomato- |
orso |
|
strati- |
(stratum; strata) |
strati- |
stratumo |
|
strato- |
(stratus cloud) |
strato- |
stratuso |
|
strepto- |
(twisted chain; streptococcus) |
strepto- |
torkare |
|
stulo- |
(style; point or styloid process) |
stylo- |
kolumno |
|
supra- |
(above, over; greater than; preceding) |
supra- |
overu, plusare |
|
|
|
|
|
|
taki- |
(swift, accelerated) |
tachy- |
tcelera |
|
tako- |
(speed) |
tacho- |
tcelera |
|
tanato- |
(death) |
thanato- |
mortare |
|
taumato- |
(miracle, wonder) |
thaumato- |
miraklo, vundrare |
|
taut-, tauto- |
(same, identical) |
taut-, tauto- |
mema, identa |
|
tciklo- |
(circle cyclic compound) |
cyclo- |
tcikelo |
|
tciro- |
(cirrus cloud) |
cirro- |
tciruso |
|
tekno- |
(technique, skill) |
techno- |
tekniko |
|
tel-, tele- |
(distance; television) |
tel-, tele- |
distu, televiziono |
|
teleo- |
(final) |
teleo- |
finta |
|
telo- |
(completion, perfection, finality; end, situated at the end) |
telo- |
finta |
|
te-, teo- |
(god, gods) |
the-, theo- |
bogo |
|
tera- |
(trillion) |
tera- |
triliona |
|
terato- |
(monster) |
terato- |
monstro |
|
teri- |
(land, earth) |
terri- |
lando, Tero |
|
term-, termo- |
(heat) |
therm-, thermo- |
kaloro |
|
tetr-, tetra- |
(four) |
tetr-, tetra- |
kwara |
|
toksiko- |
(poison) |
toxico- |
veneno |
|
tokso- |
(poison) |
toxo- |
veneno |
|
tomo- |
(cut, section) |
tomo- |
incizare, trantcare |
|
top-, topo- |
(place, region) |
top-, topo- |
lwoko, regiono |
|
trake-, trakeo- |
(trachea) |
trache-, tracheo- |
trakeho |
|
traki- |
(rough) |
trachy- |
aspera |
|
tri- |
(three; every three or every third, thrice) |
tri- |
tresa |
|
triko- |
(hair, hairlike part) |
tricho- |
haro, kapilo |
|
trofo- |
(nutrition) |
tropho- |
nutro |
|
tromb-, trombo- |
(blood clot) |
thromb-, thrombo- |
kloto |
|
tropo- |
(turning or change, especially change of temperature or condition) |
tropo- |
candjare |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ultra- |
(surpassing of a specified limit, range or scope; beyond; exceeding of what is common, moderate, or proper; of an extreme degree) |
ultra- |
tcezu, plusare |
|
uni- |
(one, single) |
uni- |
una |
|
ur-, uro- |
(urine, urinary tract) |
ur-, uro- |
urino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
vas-, vaso- |
(blood vessel; vas deferens) |
vas-, vaso- |
angiono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
zig-, zigo- |
(yoke, pair; union, fusion) |
zyg-, zygo- |
jugo |
Suffix Combining Forms
|
Ayola Comb Form |
English Meaning |
English Comb Form |
Related Word(s) |
|
-acea |
(resembling, made of) |
-aceous |
licu |
|
-aceoy |
(zoological classes and orders) |
1. -acea |
- |
|
|
(botanical families) |
2. -aceae |
- |
|
-adelfa |
(having stamens in bundles) |
-adelphous |
bundelo, stameno |
|
-agogo |
(leader, bringer of, practitioner) |
-agogue |
praktiko |
|
-algio |
(pain) |
-algia |
smertare |
|
-amino* |
(var. of amino) |
-amine |
aminumo |
|
-andra* |
(male) |
-androus |
maskla |
|
-ano # |
(hydrocarbon) |
-ane |
hidrokarbono |
|
-anta # |
(having flowers of a specified type or number) |
-anthous |
floro |
|
-arco |
(chief, ruler,leader) |
-arch |
tcefa, dutco |
|
-arcio |
(rule,government) |
-archy |
regulo, governmento |
|
-asiso |
(medical condition) |
-asis |
medikare, stato |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-biosiso |
(mode of life) |
-biosis |
vivare |
|
-blasto |
(bud, sprout) |
-blast |
burjono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-celo |
(tumor) |
-cele |
tumoro |
|
-cefala |
(having a specific type of head) |
-cephalous/-cephalic |
kapito |
|
-cidare |
(to kill) |
-cide |
mortizare |
|
-cisto |
(cyst, sac) |
-cyst |
tcisto |
|
-cito |
(cell) |
cyte |
tcelo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-daktila |
(having toes or fingers) |
-dactylous |
digito |
|
-dendro |
(tree) |
-dendron |
arboro |
|
-dermo |
(skin) |
-derm |
pyelo |
|
-dromo |
(racecourse, large structure) |
-drome |
pisto, granda edificyo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-ektomio |
(excision, removal of body part) |
-ectomy |
incizare |
|
-emio |
(blood condition) |
-emia |
sango |
|
-ergica |
(activated by, sensitive to) |
-ergic |
aktivizare |
|
-ergio |
(sensitivity condition) |
-ergy |
sensibla |
|
-esiso |
(action, process) |
-esis |
procezare |
|
-eska |
(indicating style, manner, or distinctive character) |
-esque |
stilo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-faga |
(eating, feeding on) |
-phagous |
mandjare |
|
-fagio |
(eating, devouring) |
-phagy |
mandjare |
|
-fanio |
(appearance, manifestation) |
-phany |
aperare |
|
-fazio |
(speech disorder) |
-phasia |
parlare |
|
-fila |
(having affinity for) |
-philiac, -philic, -philous |
afinare |
|
-filio |
(affinity for, tendency toward) |
-philia, -phily, philism |
afinare |
|
-fono |
(instrument of sound transmission) |
-phone |
sono |
|
-fono |
(speech sound) |
-phone |
sono |
|
-fonio |
(use of instrument of sound transmission) |
-phony |
sono |
|
-foba |
(fearful of) |
-phobic |
timare |
|
-fobio |
(fear) |
-phobia |
timare |
|
-fora |
(bearing) |
-phorous |
jwe, avu |
|
-frena |
(having mental disorder) |
-phrenic |
nonkwerda |
|
-frenio |
(mental disorder) |
-phrenia |
nonkwerda |
|
-fwila |
(having leaves) |
-phyllous |
folyo |
|
-fito |
(plant) |
-phyte |
planto |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-gamio |
(marriage) |
-gamy |
mariyare |
|
-gena |
(producing or causing) |
-genic, -genous |
kawzare |
|
-genesiso |
(origin, beginning) |
-genesis |
inicare |
|
-geneza |
(originating, beginning) |
-genetic |
inicare |
|
-genio |
(production, origination) |
-geny |
inicare |
|
-glota |
(having a tongue) |
-glot |
lango |
|
-glota |
(speaking or writing a language) |
-glot |
lingo |
|
-gnata |
(having a jaw) |
-gnathous |
fawko |
|
-gnomio |
(knowledge) |
-gnosis |
sabare |
|
-gnosiso |
(knowledge) |
-gnosis |
sabare |
|
-gnoza |
(knowing) |
-gnostic |
sabare |
|
-gona |
(being a closed figure with specified number of angles) |
-gonal |
figuro, formo |
|
-gonio |
(production, origination) |
-gony |
origineo |
|
-gramo # |
(something written or drawn) |
-gram |
skribare |
|
-grafare |
(to draw or write) |
-graph |
skribare |
|
-grafio |
(process, science, or art of drawing or writing) |
-graphy |
procezare, sienso, arto |
|
-gina |
(having attitude toward women) |
-gyny |
femo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-hedra |
(having specified number of faces) |
-hedral |
facyo |
|
-iasis |
(disease) |
-iasis |
maladio |
|
-iatriko |
(medicine, treatment) |
-iatric |
medikare |
|
-iatrio |
(area of healing or medical practice) |
-iatrics |
medikare |
|
-ida |
(belonging to taxonomic division) |
-id |
taksonomio |
|
-ido |
(chemical compound) |
-ide |
- |
|
-iformo |
(member of zoological taxonomic division) |
(plural: -iformes) |
- |
|
-iliona |
(quantifier denoting 10^3n) |
-illion |
- |
|
-ino |
(chemical elelment or compound) |
-ine |
- |
|
-ito |
(chemical compound) |
-ite |
- |
|
-itiso |
(inflammation) |
-itis |
inflama |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-kinesiso |
(movement) |
-kinesiso |
movare |
|
-kineta |
(moving) |
-kinetic |
movare |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-lala |
(having disordered or abnormal speech) |
-lalic |
nonnormala |
|
-lalio |
(abnormal or disordered speech) |
-lalia |
parlare |
|
-latra |
(worshipping) |
-latrous |
adorare |
|
-latra |
(worshipping) |
-latry |
adorare |
|
-latrio |
(worship) |
-latrio |
adorare |
|
-lepsa |
(having seizure or fit) |
-leptic |
pristupajo |
|
-lepsio |
(seizure or fit) |
-lepsy |
pristupajo |
|
-lito |
(stone) |
-lith |
stono |
|
-litico |
(archaeological age) |
-lithic |
- |
|
-logo |
(discourse, writing) |
-logue |
skribare |
|
-logio |
(science, body of knowledge) |
-logy |
sienso |
|
-layto |
(something subjected to a process) |
-lyte |
procezare |
|
-lizare |
(to dissolve, to break down, to decompose) |
-lyze |
disolvware |
|
-mansa |
(divining) |
-mantic |
adivinare |
|
-mansio |
(divination) |
-mancy |
adivinare |
|
-manio |
(obsession, craving) |
-mania |
obsedare |
|
-manica |
(obsessed wit, craving) |
-mania |
obsedare |
|
-megalio |
(abnormal enlargement) |
-megaly |
nonnormale granda |
|
-mero |
(member of chemical group) |
-mer |
- |
|
-metrio |
(process of measurement) |
-metry |
mezrare |
|
-metro |
(measuring instrument) |
-meter |
mezrare |
|
-morfa |
(having specified shape, form or structure) |
-morphic, -morphous |
formo |
|
-miceto |
(fungus, mushroom) |
-mycete |
basidiomiceto |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-nomio |
(distribution, arrangement) |
-nomie |
arandjare |
|
-oato |
(chemical compound) |
-oate |
- |
|
-odonto |
(having teeth) |
odont |
dento |
|
-odinio |
(pain) |
odynia |
smertare |
|
oido |
(member of zoological class) |
(plural: oidea) |
- |
|
-omo |
(tumor) |
-oma |
tumoro |
|
-onimo |
(word, name) |
-onym |
namo |
|
-opa |
(having condition related to eyes or sight) |
-opic |
okulo |
|
-opio |
(condition of eyes or sight) |
-opia |
okulo |
|
-opsio |
(medical examination) |
-opsy |
egzaminare |
|
-oryo |
(place, receptacle) |
-ory |
lwoko |
|
-osiso |
(condition, disease) |
-osis |
maladio |
|
-oso |
(sugar, carbohydrate) |
-ose |
sukero, karbohidrato |
|
-oto |
(member of taxonomic division) |
-ote |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-pata |
(suffering, feeling, having disease) |
-pathic |
sufrare |
|
-patio |
(suffering, feeling, disease, treatment) |
-pathy |
sufrare |
|
-penio |
(lack, deficiency) |
-penia |
mankare |
|
-plasio |
(growth) |
-plasia, -plasy |
kreskare |
|
-plasmo |
(living tissue, cell substance) |
-plasm |
tesuto |
|
-plasto |
(cell, living substance) |
-plast |
tesuto |
|
-plastio |
(molding, formation, surgical repair) |
-plasty |
formo |
|
-plegio |
(paralysis) |
-plegia |
paralizare |
|
-ploida |
(having chromosome sets) |
-ploid |
kromosomo |
|
-pneo |
(breath) |
-pnea |
spirare |
|
-poda |
(having specified kind or number of feet) |
-podous |
pyedo |
|
-poyesiso |
(making, formation) |
-poiesis |
makare, formazare |
|
-poyeta |
(making, forming) |
-poietic |
makare, formazare |
|
-ptera |
(having wings) |
pterous |
vingo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-rafio |
(suture) |
-rraphy |
sutrare |
|
-ragio |
(rupture, profuse flow) |
-rrhagia |
fluyare |
|
-reo |
(flow, discharge) |
-rrhea/-rroea |
fluyare |
|
-reksiso |
(rupture) |
-rrhexis |
ruptare |
|
-rizo |
(root) |
-rrhiza |
radiko |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-sauro |
(extinct reptile) |
-saur, '-saurus |
dinosauro |
|
-skopo |
(observing or detecting instrument) |
-scop |
obzervare, detektare |
|
-somo |
(body) |
-some |
korpo |
|
-sofio |
(science of, wisdom) |
-sophy |
sadja |
|
-sperma |
(having specified seeds) |
-spermal |
semyo |
|
-spora |
(having specified spores) |
-sporous |
sporoso |
|
-stika |
(having specified rows) |
-stichous |
rayho |
|
-stoma |
(having specified mouth) |
-stomous |
orso |
|
-stomio |
(surgical operation which creates opening) |
-stomy |
aperta |
|
-taksiso |
(arrangement, order) |
-taxis |
ordo |
|
-terma |
(involving heat or temperature) |
-thermal, -thermic |
kaloro, temperaturo |
|
-termio |
(heat generation) |
-thermy |
kaloro |
|
-tomo |
(cutting instrument) |
-tome |
incizare |
|
-tomio |
(cutting, incision) |
-tomy |
incizare |
|
-tonica |
(having muscle/nerve tension or personality disorder) |
-tonia |
tensa |
|
-trofa |
(having nutritional requirements) |
-trophic |
nutrare |
|
-trofio |
(feeding, growth) |
-trophy |
tcibo |
|
-tropa |
(turned toward, having affinity for) |
-tropic, -tropous |
toru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-urgio |
(art, technique) |
-urgy |
arto, tekniko |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-zoono |
(animal, organism) |
-zoon (plural: -zoa) |
animalo, organizmo |